Neurossífilis: uma breve revisão / Neurosyphilis: a brief review

A neurossífilis (NS) designa todas as formas de comprometimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC) causadas pela bactéria Treponema pallidum. Em pacientes imunocompetentes, ocorre principalmente no estádio terciário da sífilis (embora suceda em outros estádios), acometendo apenas 10 porcento dos pacientes com infecção primária não tratada. Apesar de um decréscimo significativo na incidência de neurossífilis nas últimas três décadas, a invasão do sistema nervoso humano ainda ocorre e a apresentação clínica não segue a evolução tradicional da era pré-antibiótica. Observa-se, atualmente, que a NS pode apresentar quadros clínicos muito similares aos de outras enfermidades do sistema nervoso, podendo ser confundida, mesmo após anos de acompanhamento, com doenças neurológicas ou psiquiátricas. Neste trabalho, fizemos uma revisão histórica, conceitual, epidemiológica, clínica e diagnóstica com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento sobre esta doença e melhorar a sua compreensão...

Neurosyphilis (NS) designates all the adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS) caused by Treponema pallidum. It occurs at the third stage of syphilis in about 10 percent of patients with untreated primary infection. Despite a significant decrease in the incidence of neurosyphilis during the last three decades, the invasion of the human nervous system still takes place and the clinical presentation does not follow the traditional evolution of the pre-antibiotic era. At present, it is observed that NS may present clinical features very similar to those of other illnesses of the nervous system, and can be mistaken, even after years of follow-up, for neurological or psychiatric illnesses. In this work, we conducted an historical, epidemiological, conceptual, clinical and diagnostic review, with the purpose of expanding the knowledge and improving the understanding of this disease...

Posterior cortical atrophy--a prototypical case of dementia beginning with visual symptoms: case report.

Dementia presenting with prominent higher order visual symptoms may be observed in a range of neurodegenerative conditions and is often challenging to diagnose. We describe a case of progressive dementia presenting with prominent visual cortical symptoms. A 55-year-old, right-handed, woman with early onset of visual impairment not associated with anterior visual pathology, presenting with dyslexia, visual agnosia, Balint's syndrome, and spatial disorientation. Ophthalmologists should consider this condition especially in presenile patients with slowly progressive higher-order visual symptoms. Although described in association with different conditions, it may also occur in Alzheimer disease.

Posterior cortical atrophy - a prototypical case of dementia beginning with visual symptoms: case report / Atrofia cortical posterior - um caso prototípico de demência iniciando com sintomas visuais: relato de caso

Dementia presenting with prominent higher order visual symptoms may be observed in a range of neurodegenerative conditions and is often challenging to diagnose. We describe a case of progressive dementia presenting with prominent visual cortical symptoms. A 55-year-old, right-handed, woman with early onset of visual impairment not associated with anterior visual pathology, presenting with dyslexia, visual agnosia, Balint's syndrome, and spatial disorientation. Ophthalmologists should consider this condition especially in presenile patients with slowly progressive higher-order visual symptoms. Although described in association with different conditions, it may also occur in Alzheimer disease.

As demências que se apresentam predominantemente com sintomas visuais associativos podem ser observadas em diferentes condições neurodegenerativas, sendo seu diagnóstico muitas vezes desafiador. Descrevemos um caso com demência progressiva que se apresentam com sintomas visuais proeminentes. Mulher de 55 anos, destra, com início precoce de déficits visuais não associados a patologia visual anterior, apresentando dislexia, agnosia visual, síndrome de Balint e desorientação espacial. Os oftalmologistas devem ter em mente essa condição especialmente em pacientes pré-senis com queixas visuais complexas e lentamente progressivas. Apesar de descritas em diferentes condições, pode ocorrer na doença de Alzheimer.

HIV-associated dementia in older adults: clinical and tomographic aspects.

BACKGROUND: Elderly adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at greater risk of developing cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to describe clinical and tomographic characteristics of HIV-1 associated dementia (HIVD) in older adults. METHODS: A descriptive study was carried out involving eight HIVD patients. Seven tests were employed for cognitive assessment and transformed to whole number z-scores using appropriate normative sets. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 71 years; seven cases described the route of HIV infection as being heterosexual; and mean schooling was 6.5 years. Six subjects were using highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), with an average CD4 count of 407.8 cells/mm3. Mild dementia was detected in most cases (87.5%). Deficits on neuropsychological tests showed results similar to multi-center transversal studies on HIVD. The classic HIVD triad observed in younger adults was also seen in this population: i.e. cognitive changes, psychiatric changes and motor impairment. Cortical injury shown by dyscalculia, visual-spatial change and language deficits were frequent. Brain images showed cortical atrophy in all patients but was restricted to frontal lobes in five cases. CONCLUSION: The findings on brain imaging were non-specific, revealing images similar to those of the elderly brain and to HIVD in younger adults. HIVD in the elderly is a challenge and become an increasingly significant differential diagnosis for cognitive loss in old age. This dementia must be clinically suspected and image exams are useful in excluding other central disorders. Prospective studies of HIV-positive elderly people are warranted to better understand HIVD.